These functions include bio-sorption, immunomodulation, anti-proliferation activity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, and hypoglycaemic properties. Pectin has been shown to possess a variety of health functions that are the subject of extensive research. However, pectin films also have some disadvantages, such as stiffness, brittleness, and susceptibility to water. This contributes to the prevention of food microbial contamination. When used in the food sector, pectin films offer great hardness and good adhesive properties, acting as a natural barrier for the exchange of moisture, gases, lipids, and volatiles between the external and internal environment. However, the structural complexity of citrus pectin can make its extraction and processing challenging, and there is a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to produce high-quality pectin products. Citrus peels are a rich source of pectin and have the potential to be a sustainable and cost-effective feedstock for pectin production.
POSs can be produced from pectin by enzymatic hydrolysis, which selectively cleaves the glycosidic bonds of pectin into shorter-chain POSs. POSs derived from pectin, known as pectic POSs, have been shown to have various bioactive properties, including antioxidant, prebiotic, and immunomodulatory properties. One of the most promising applications of pectin is in the production of POSs, which are short chains of monosaccharides. Pectin has various industrial applications, such as in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the development of edible films, plasticizers, paper substitutes, and foams. The diverse applications of pectin are attributed to its unique structural and biochemical properties. The biochemical properties of pectin are influenced by its structure and include: its ability to form gels in the presence of sugar and acid, its function as a stabilizer in emulsions, and its role as a dietary fiber in the human diet. The unique structural properties of pectin include its high degree of branching, the heterogeneous distribution of galacturonic acid residues, and the presence of neutral sugars and acetyl groups in its side chains. It is composed of galacturonic acid residues, and its structural complexity varies depending on the plant source and extraction method used. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that is widely distributed in the cell walls and middle lamina of higher plants.
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